Synthesis, Purification and Identification of an Ester free essay sample

An ester was synthesized from the conversion of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. A mixture of isopentyl alcohol and sulfuric acid was separated and distilled to purify the ester. Physical properties were compared to known standards for identification. Purification through steam distillation was determined comparing a range of boiling points of a known compound and the mixture, which was observed at 134Â ° C. Steam distillation produced 12. 969g of ester. Theoretical yield was calculated at 19. 138g, resulting in 67. 77% recovery. It was detected that the ester smelled similar to bananas. Various methods of spectroscopy were then performed, including IR and spectras from HNMR, CNMR, COSY, and HQMC were analyzed to predict bond formations and structure of the ester. GS-MS was run to predict the percent of the product synthesized and its molecular formula. Molecular mass of the ester was 130. 19 g/mol. It was concluded that the ester formed was isopentyl acetate, C5H11O2. INTRODUCTION Esters are found in nearly aspect of life. Naturally occurring in animals as fats and in plants, esters are what give the flavor and fragrance of many fruits and flowers. They also make up a form of textile known as polyester. Esters are commonly used as solvents, added to foods and candies as artificial flavorings and included in perfumes and soaps as artificial scents. Essential oils are distilled from the leaves, flowers, stems, roots or other parts of a plant. They are highly concentrated and contain the pure essence of the plant. Essential oils are used most often in aromatherapy. They can be used as an inhalation treatment, as well as applied to the body. They can also be used as fresheners or as a natural pest repellant. Additionally, hydrosols, which are the aromatic waters that remain as a byproduct from producing essential oils by way of steam distillation, are also used commercially. 5 Esters are organic compounds formed from a reaction between an organic acid and an alcohol. Esters are synthesized through esterification. The process, also known as Fisher esterification, is a substitution reaction that uses an acid catalyst to produce an ester. Esters are isolated and purified by way of steam distillation. The steam vaporizes the volatile compounds of a natural product, which when condensed produces a liquid that can be collected and the ester purified. Further isolation is done by separation extraction. Steam distillation is an optimal way to separate volatile compounds from nonvolatile contaminants in high yield and is used extensively in the isolation of natural products. 3 Figure 1 shows the set-up of a steam distillation apparatus. 4 Figure 1 Esters can be identified based on structure and bond formations, in addition to physical properties. Spectroscopy is used to determine what ester has been produced. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used to detect vibrational energies of functional groups of atoms present. IR spectra show each functional group vibrates at different wavelengths and frequencies of light. A database of IR spectra from a vast collection of compounds is used for comparisons when trying to identify an ester. The spectra will show characteristic peaks for specific bond types present. Another form of spectroscopy is known as nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR. It can determine the location of atoms such as carbon and hydrogen within a molecule using strong magnetic fields. The nuclei of some atoms act as a small magnet and can be aligned when in the presence of a stronger magnet. Radio waves are then presented to a sample in order to cause the nuclei to flip direction. Different atoms require unique wavelengths in order to be flipped. The peaks of these wavelengths can be analyzed to determine chemical shift, giving atom numbers and functional group information. Carbon NMR gives the number of unique carbons as a single peak on a spectrum, while functional groups appear based on what is attached. Electron density is the main factor when determining chemical shift. Atoms with fewer electrons appear downfield, such as carbon attached to a high electronegative atom. As more electrons shield the atom from the effects of the magnetic field, decreasing the energy required to flip the nuclei, the peak appears upfield. A reference point using TMS is always given. Hydrogen NMR, also called proton NMR, gives the number of unique hydrogens present. It also gives functional group information, in addition to giving the relative number of hydrogens using integration and the number of hydrogens on adjacent carbons. Peaks can appear split on a spectrum. This is due to the magnetic influence they have on nearby atoms. This splitting occurs only when there are hydrogens located on the adjacent carbon, but not when hydrogen is attached to other atoms. Peak splitting has specific names for the number of peaks present. One peak in a singlet, two peaks is a doublet, three peaks is a triplet, four peaks is a quartet and peaks with five or more splits is known as a multiplet with the number of peaks present given as part of the name. 2D NMR, known as COSY and HMQC GC-MS The following experiment was conducted to synthesize an ester through esterification, separate and purify the ester through distillation and identify the ester through spectroscopy to determine chemical structure and according to physical properties. The process of distillation is an ideal way to isolate useful compounds, such as esters, in a manner that will purify the compound and produce a high yield of product. This is an important step when attempting to synthesize esters for commercial use. Natural product extraction requires purity whether the sample is being used merely for testing purposes or if intended for public use. Separation of the product helps in maintaining its purity and presents the greatest likelihood of proper identification. Highly accurate testing through IR, NMR, GS-MS with a pure sample will determine the correct structure based on comparisons with known compounds and issue definitive results. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Synthesis is the process of combining separate substances to make a complete compound through chemical reactions. Formation of esters using Fisher esterification occurs by refluxing carboxylic acid and an alcohol using an acid catalyst. Fisher esterification is a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the reaction mechanism occurs in several steps. First, a proton is transferred from the catalyst to the carbonyl oxygen. The nucleophilic oxygen of the alcohol attacks the carbonyl carbon. There is an additional proton transfer to a second molecule of the alcohol. Water leaves and deprotonation forms the ester. The reaction is shown in the figure below. 2 Reaction mechanism IR spectrum C NMR H NMR COSY HMQC HQMC Expansion GC-MS GC-MS Theoretical yield was calculated using the molar ratio of the limiting reagent, which was 0. The amount recovered of 12. 969g was then divided by the theoretical yield of 19. 138g and multiplied by 100 to give percent yield of 67. 77%. The calculations below indicate the results. (reagent in excess) (limiting reagent) (theoretical yield) (percent yield) SUMMARY In conclusion, EXPERIMENTAL General Procedures Acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol were used to in the synthesis of an ester of isopentyl acetate by way of Fisher esterification. These were reagent grade products purchased for the experiment and used without need for additional purification. Analysis of the ester was performed using a GC-MS model 6890 N Agilent with 5975 inert mass selection detector. The oven temperature runs at 30Â ° C for 3 minutes, ramps up 20Â ° C every minute until temperature reaches 140Â ° C, which holds for 2 minutes. Injector temperature is 250Â ° C with an auxiliary temperature of 280Â ° C. The column used was HP-5ms capillary size 30m by 0. 25mm coated with 0. 25 microns of 5% phenyl-95% methylsiloxane based stationary phase. 10Additional analysis was run using a JEOL 400 SS NMR spectrometer. It contains a 400 MHz magnet and automates various NMR measurements such as two-dimensional NMR measurement and one-dimensional measurement of 1H and 13C or other nuclei. 11 The sample containing a small amount of ester and deuterated chloroform, Chloroform-d, was added to an NMR tube and adjusted into place in a spinner. The tube was wiped to prevent issues with spinning or incorrect data being processed with the sample. The spinner was inserted into the NMR and data acquired through processing software. The experiment was carried out according to procedures of Mohring, et al. from experiment 4 of the Organic Chem Lab textbook.

How to Choose Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples

How to Choose Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples These are the huge topics that all the unique social studies disciplines are tackling. All students must understand how to compose an enduring issues essay. As you have seen, in your enduring issues essay you will want to demonstrate the method by which the issue has persisted across centuries. Let's assume you've got the Enduring Issues Essay with the aforementioned documents. What Everybody Dislikes About Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples and Why So we would like to hear from you! But it's more than that. Imperialism was attached to several positive consequences. How to Choose Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples A wide selection of treatments are at present readily available to create the problem less complicated. In either instance, you will have to give compelling evidence that the matter is significant and deserves attention. In many instances it is caused because of psychological problem and therefo re it requires utmost care. It is a typical problem in men of older age, but nevertheless, it can occur at any age. Imperialism can be known as the absolute most powerful and destructive force in the history of humanity throughout the last couple of centuries. Nationalism, on the flip side, is the sensation of superiority over other nations. Thus, nationalism and imperialism ought to be avoided no matter what. Nationalism, as described above, is the notion of patriotism to your country. The Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples Chronicles Roosevelt's major aim was supposed to see America perfectly civilized. European countries for example, such as France and Germany, took colony of a few of the countries in Africa to be able to take charge of the resources and other financial benefits which were present in those African nations. The world is divided into a couple of usurer states and an overwhelming majority of debtor states. Every one of the overly-industrialized Euro pean nations wanted to reap the advantages of the agriculturally opulent nations. Your documents ought to be drowning in ink by the close of the hour! Instead, it's very clear that the choice to rename the presidential home is a shallow method of virtue-signaling to possible donors so that the Dare Northward campaign will be monetarily profitable. The survey could have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions devoted to river sports. The outcome is a separate and distinctive playlist for each class. A question is deemed compelling since it is one that students would ask to be able to attempt to create sense of their world. Finally the studio must ask whether the proportion of positive reviews is a really appropriate approach to measure the possible effect of movie reviews. When writing your very own compelling question, bear in mind this vital element. Who Else Wants to Learn About Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples? To begin with, everybody is knowledgeable about the i ssues at these locations. Make sure you own a lot of relevant information from several sources. Do not conceal facts, but you should be cautious when you present information from several sources, especially if it's contradictory. Find three or more credible documents associated with the enduring issue of your selection. The Unexpected Truth About Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples Whenever the dilemma of quantitative against quality growth arises, it's called an empire issue. Notice how there are several choices in regards to Enduring Issues and Nested Issues. Advantages and pitfalls of imperialism. In the event you lack any information, you can consult some books, newspaper or other sorts of literature. You are able to then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. Do not be hesitant to include valuable specifics! The entire text of this GRE essay sample can be located on the ETS site. Continue reading for a discussion of the various ways this essay meets the requirements for an ideal score. Reading example essays works exactly the same way! Nowadays you know what it requires to receive an ideal essay score. The Debate Over Imperialism Enduring Issue Essay Samples This is a good effect because other countries are beginning to make themselves stronger. Having ports all over the world would make an economic boom for a nation. It's the imperialism that has brought up change as it resulted in the majority of countries realizing the should take charge of the available organic resources. As a way to potentially expand its function when it comes to governing with power in the worldwide landscape, the American imperialism was brought about in the 19th century with the main purpose of driving the nation's economy and increasing the country's economic advantages. The Battle Over Imperialism Endu ring Issue Essay Samples and How to Win It Goodhart wrote the book to explain political events but it also offers valuable insight in the evolving worldviews of the British individuals, particularly. Religion may have an important impact on the way an individual lives and experiences life. Though spirituality and religion can be thought to be related concepts, they're not entirely the exact same thing. The address targeted at observing American triumph. To carry out an argument, you will need to make sure each paragraph doesn't stray from these types of essential concepts. The real importance of the term eludes. You need to collect extensive evidence. 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How to Find a Topic For Research Paper For Business

How to Find a Topic For Research Paper For BusinessWhen you want to find a topic for research paper for business, you will be surprised at how much you can get out of the literature that is in your hands. What you need to do is to spend some time looking through the shelves and magazines in the local library or bookstore that might offer you a selection of interesting books.Most libraries will have what they consider to be good nonfiction books, but if they don't, you can usually find something in magazines as well as publications to supplement the research paper for the business you are doing. You may want to consider going online to see what is available there as well.One thing to keep in mind when you are looking for a book is the subject matter. If you are looking for books that deal with real world business topics, you will need to buy a book that is written by someone who specializes in the field. This means that you may have to invest in some time to find a subject matter expe rt.Even if you can find an author who has specialized in the field before, you will have to pay attention to how they describe things and what their approach is when it comes to researching something. If you want to be thorough and accurate, it is best to get something with this degree of expertise and previous work history.Of course, you don't have to go to bookstores or libraries to look for this kind of information. The Internet offers you many other options as well, especially when it comes to finding information online. There are many sites and blogs that will offer you data and information that you can use when looking for a book or source material for a topic for research paper for business.If you are searching for a book or source material for your research paper for business, you will want to make sure that you have an idea about what you are looking for. For example, if you are writing a book on project management, you will want to get something that shows you how to apply what you are learning about project management to a real life situation. Books on business topics such as marketing, sales and marketing management, and so on are another option to look into.A book on topics such as these can show you what you need to know to move ahead in your business. You can then use what you learn as well as use what you have learned in your professional life to help others.If you are looking for a topic for research paper for a business, you should definitely take advantage of all the things that are available online. It is possible to find a good source material without spending a lot of money.

The Key to Successful Typical College Essay Prompts

The Key to Successful Typical College Essay Prompts Typical College Essay Prompts Features Suddenly, you're in a totally new situation, and will need to do something, but you need zero idea what. Pick a prompt at random from above, or select a topic which you think will be hard that you detach from (because you're going to want to write about the subject, as opposed to the argument) set timer to 50 minutes and compose the essay. Write about a problem you have or would like to fix. Don't neglect to explain why the challenge is valuable to you! As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. Its one of the main sections of your college application and it may be the hardest. Let's look at a good example. Following directions is really an extremely important portion of the college application procedure. If you write less, it is going to run into like you don't have anything to say, which is obviously not an impression you need to give. After discovering ou r website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Among the most nerve-wracking times in the life span of a teenager is as soon as the time arrives to apply to college. 1 means to do that's to understand a normal day for you. The Common Application allows you to apply to more or less 700 distinct colleges. Select a law and explain why it's so important to you. Colleges are seeking a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. They are not looking for perfect people. They are more likely to admit students who can articulate specific reasons why the school is a good fit for them beyond its reputation or ranking on any list. Personal Achievements Colleges are interested in students who have achieved in some region of their lives. The result typically resembles an internet or a map. Essay isn't a four-letter wordthough you might feel like using a couple of your own when it is time to write one. Always, a short article ought to have an introduction, the human body, together with an overview. You may not be in a position to find length guidelines in the prompt, but you may still hunt them up elsewhere on the site. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. Colleges can tell whenever your essay is merely a form essay. The SAT Essay demonstrates how well you recognize the passage and utilize it as the foundation for a well-written, thought-out discussion. You don't need to take the SAT with Essay, but should you do, you will be in a position to apply to schools that require it. Application essays about challenges reveal how you respond to difficulty to folks who are rather interested in how you are going to deal with the subsequent four years all on your own. On the flip side, in the event that you made a very good choice, focus on what influenced you to make that decision and the way it has changed you. To do this, you should brainstorm an adequate subject which expresses your nature and your best accomplishments. Be sure to connect the significance of the activity to a specific experience or story to provide the essay direction. At the exact same time, you will impress the college admissions folks greatly if it's possible to present your capacity to learn from your failures and mistakes. Figuring out your college essay can be among the most difficult components of applying to college. You're attempting to show colleges your very best self, therefore it might appear counterintuitive to willingly acknowledge a time you struggled. When picking a college community, you're picking a location where you think that you could live, learn, and flourish. The War Against Typical College Essay Prompts The aim of the essays is to rate your writing ability and, furthermore, to find out more about you as an individual. Alumni interviewers are requested to submit ratings and comments dependent on the conversation they have with you. Writing can be an intricate affair. Every student should know that writing isn't an easy job, which explains why they will need to be especially cautious when writing a descriptive essay. If you'd like to compose your essay, but want any assistance, our writers will be in a position to aid you in any way they have the ability to. When you start writing your essay you'll have all info you must be accurate direct quotes. Just take a peek at our argumentative essay examples which would offer you a statement comes at the debut of your argumentative essay. Following your nomination, you're required to forward an essay. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Stephen's essay is quite effective.

Three Things to Do Before Writing a Sample of Clustering Essay

Three Things to Do Before Writing a Sample of Clustering EssayIf you have to write a sample of clustering essay then make sure you follow these three things. You should keep these pointers in mind before writing a sample of clustering essay. This will help you prepare your cluster analysis well and develop a good clustering strategy.The first thing that you need to do is to have your cluster's ready. You have to have your cluster as a setting and also a theme. So you can include all the essentials in your cluster. This means that you have to have a theme in your cluster or setting.For instance, you have to start with the clusters that are used in cluster analysis. You have to start by having these clusters as the setting. If you do not have any idea about the settings that will be used for cluster analysis then it will be better if you can check out for some sample of cluster analysis that you can look at.The next thing that you have to do is to write the first few lines of the clust er analysis. This is the first thing that you need to do in the cluster analysis and you need to think about what you want to write down in your cluster analysis.Remember that you have to write down the first few lines in the cluster analysis. In fact, you need to make sure that you write down a short but clear cluster analysis.After the first few lines in the cluster analysis have been written down, you need to give a brief summary of the information that you have written. You need to put your main points in the summary. You need to put the short and direct summary in the cluster analysis.Now, the last thing that you need to do in the cluster analysisis to make sure that you include the literature review that you need to write. You need to have this literature review in your cluster analysis. The literature review will help you have a better clustering strategy that you need to use.Those are the things that you need to do in your cluster analysis. You can also check out for some sa mple of cluster analysis that you can read. Make sure that you include all the information that you need to make your cluster analysis good.

Why Cooking is So Important to Me free essay sample

From a very young age I learned that my family wasn’t allowed to eat like other families. Two of my sisters had allergies to many things but the important ones being corn and wheat, and my mother being allergic to wheat as well. Whenever my family would go to the grocery store I noticed that if my mom the night before said â€Å"I want fettuccine alfredo,† we would go get everything to make fresh pasta, the alfredo sauce, parsley, and mushrooms. We couldn’t just go to a Olive Garden and order some to go. That’s where my love of cooking first began, I wanted my family to be able to have all the foods they loved but couldn’t have due to their allergies. When I was old enough to actually understand why they couldn’t eat a certain food that is when I started to experiment in the kitchen, watching my dad cook, seeing how he chopped food, and asking questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Cooking is So Important to Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From that point on I was either reading a cookbook, in the kitchen with my dad if he wasn’t away on business, or watching cooking shows. A few of the cookbooks I read were, â€Å"Paleo Life,† Learning to Cook for People with Celiac’s Disease,† They really went into depth and helped me understand about how the body reacts to someone who eats wheat. They listed possible side effects ranging from the major being death possibly for celiac people, to coughing and bloating to being some of the minor results of ingesting wheat or whatever a person could be allergic to. Over the years I’ve noticed that it depends on how much (wheat, corn, nuts, egg, milk, ect.)a person has consumed determines how strong the symptoms are depending on your severity to the allergy. For example; my sister has a severe allergic reaction to tomatoes and if she is near it, touches it, or happens to consume it she could die, have hives appear, pass out cold, or lose consciousness a nd have to be rushed to the hospital. After watching my sister ingesting a tiny bit of tomato totally unaware and watching her pass out, unresponsive and my dad having to carry her out of the restaurant and rushing to the car and driving to the ER with my mom trying to get her to wake up. I remember thinking â€Å"my sister might die and I haven’t told her how much I love her,† her lips were turning blue, her face was looking ashen, and I was petrified. That was truly the start of me making pretty much everything from scratch after that horrible and terrifyingday. I never wanted that to happen to her again. From then on I bought books that explained the difference in the flours like coconut, brown and white rice, garbanzo bean, and more flours that can be used in gluten-free cooking. The books had good advice that helped me cook better to this day. The very first food I tried to cook in the kitchen was fried chicken. Usually when you make fried chicken you use flour, egg, and panko breadcrumbs. Well with the allergies present in my family some breadcrumbs are made with corn and bread that was made with glutinous flour so I had to use breadcrumbs that didnt have corn andwere gluten-free. Next was the breaking option and I had experimented with rice flours and found out that it could keep some foods crispy and light on the outside of whatever you are baking, frying, or pan frying. So I went with the white rice flour and a glutino breadcrumb mix. I dipped the chicken in the flour, then in the egg mixture, and finally in the breadcrumbs. Then you just fry or bake the chicken. Another one of my moms favorite is Divinity Cookies when she showed me a recipe for pecan divinity cookies I couldnt wait to try my hand at making something that Ive heard people say is difficult. The comments online said that the hardest part about making di vinity cookies was making sure you didnt get any egg yolk into the egg whites. The goal was to have the egg white so you could whip it up with a whisk or a mixer. Another key piece of advice was to not make the cookies if it was damp, humid, or going to rain because if it did it would mess up the entire cookie. When I go to college I want to do both kinds cooking and baking because I want to be able to cook both ways to the best of my abilities. I cant really choose one or the other so Ill do both. With me learning how to cook gluten-free, corn-free, and with other allergies I want to be able to make all kinds of people happy and eventually own bakeries or restaurants. I know that there will be all sorts of risks, senses of you feeling like you are not doing it right, and times where you want to give upbut I believe that in the end it will make a difference so you just have to stick with it so you can accomplish your goal. My goal is to make others happy by cooking foods that they’ll love and can eat without wondering if it is safe to eat even though some restaurants have a gluten-free menu or even sometimes a corn-free menu but even then they can’t truly guarantee that it is free of what you’re allergic to. I want to be able to create an environment where people with allergies can not worry about if they will get sick they will know that what they order is safe. Thanks to my dad and various others in my life I have learned that I want to cook.

Free Essays on Poetry Review Essay

of an extroverted and captivating poet by the name of Thomas Sayers Ellis. His style, an odd, yet interesting one, fascinated me, and made me realize poetry was more of an art form then I had previously thought. Actually going to a reading, and hear the poet speak with such a passionate tone to correctly convey the meanings of his poems. His style of reading definitely upped the quality of his poems. He said it himself, that when he was reading a poem aloud before, it sounded bad. With readings, I now realize it is pertinent to accent your poem the way you think it should to get the full meaning across. But don’t stop there. Mr. Ellis showed this through not only impeccable accenting, but also quite a musical tune for most of his irregular yet intriguing poems. The poem â€Å"All Their Stanzas Look Alike† was a great one, in my opinion. It took simple sentence structure and amazed me with such intricateness. The lines â€Å"All their third worlds / All their world series / All their serial killers / All their killing fields / All their stanzas look alike†. The way he continues the last word with the next line is incredible. From third world, to world series, to serial killers, to killing fields, it was just really nice to see the continuation like that. His poems as a body of work showed the unrelenting will to be unique, a trait I would like to adapt to my own style. One of my favorite poems from Mr. Ellis was â€Å"Atomic Bride†. The story comes from his friend Andre getting married, and then breaking up. It saddened Ellis. Thus the poem. A few of my favorite lines from the poem were a recurring type of line. The first line is an amazing association of war and how it influences music. The second line, an interesting way to portray about our government in relation to drugs. â€Å"A good war starts In the courtroom And works its way To the album cover.† â€Å"A good drug s... Free Essays on Poetry Review Essay Free Essays on Poetry Review Essay â€Å"If it ain’t nasty, it ain’t funky†: the words of an extroverted and captivating poet by the name of Thomas Sayers Ellis. His style, an odd, yet interesting one, fascinated me, and made me realize poetry was more of an art form then I had previously thought. Actually going to a reading, and hear the poet speak with such a passionate tone to correctly convey the meanings of his poems. His style of reading definitely upped the quality of his poems. He said it himself, that when he was reading a poem aloud before, it sounded bad. With readings, I now realize it is pertinent to accent your poem the way you think it should to get the full meaning across. But don’t stop there. Mr. Ellis showed this through not only impeccable accenting, but also quite a musical tune for most of his irregular yet intriguing poems. The poem â€Å"All Their Stanzas Look Alike† was a great one, in my opinion. It took simple sentence structure and amazed me with such intricateness. The lines â€Å"All their third worlds / All their world series / All their serial killers / All their killing fields / All their stanzas look alike†. The way he continues the last word with the next line is incredible. From third world, to world series, to serial killers, to killing fields, it was just really nice to see the continuation like that. His poems as a body of work showed the unrelenting will to be unique, a trait I would like to adapt to my own style. One of my favorite poems from Mr. Ellis was â€Å"Atomic Bride†. The story comes from his friend Andre getting married, and then breaking up. It saddened Ellis. Thus the poem. A few of my favorite lines from the poem were a recurring type of line. The first line is an amazing association of war and how it influences music. The second line, an interesting way to portray about our government in relation to drugs. â€Å"A good war starts In the courtroom And works its way To the album cover.† â€Å"A good drug s...